The wage gap between male and female faculty at just one large state university hovered around 11% in 2016, reflecting persistent disparities across higher ed, new research has found.

That gap translated into an annual loss of just under $18,000 for female faculty, according to the report, “Gender Gaps in Academia: Evidence from The Ohio State University,” published in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics.

Across academia, female faculty are also held to higher standards in the peer review process while policies that extend the probationary period for childbirth reduce the chances that women will eceive tenure, the report said.